A 2-year follow-up of the effects of combined binge drinking and cannabis consumption on academic performance and adjustment in Spanish third-year university students.

Introduction: The study was based on 2-year follow-up of the effects of binge drinking and cannabis co-consumption on academic performance and adjustment in Spanish Third-Year University Students and to further explore the impact of academic adjustment on this relationship. Methods: A total of 144 students (aged 19-20 years) enrolled in the third year of university completed the study. The students were recruited during in first academic year (T1) via a survey that included items regarding the use of alcohol (AUDIT-C), cannabis and other drugs and demographic variables. Then, participants meeting the study criteria were then selected and invited by e-mail to a clinical (face-to face) structured interview. The participants completed a calendar of alcohol consumption during the 6 months prior to the interview (Alcohol Timeline Follow back), and recorded cannabis consumption in 3 months prior to the interview. To examine the effects of alcohol and cannabis co-consumption on the outcome variables, we categorized participants into three consumption groups (i.e., control, BD, and BDCA) based on the number of BD days and cannabis unit scores. Results: Binge drinking and cannabis co-consumption in first-year students was significantly associated with poor academic performance and adjustment after 2 years of undergraduate study. Relative to controls, co-consumers (BDCA) reported significantly lower academic and personal-emotional adjustment to university as well as poorer performance. Mediation analysis showed that academic adjustment explains the mechanism by which BDCAs perform less well, mediating the relationship between co-consumption and academic performance, with an indirect effect representing 64.61% of the total effect. Furthermore, the mediating effect of academic adjustment was maintained after controlling for academic adjustment and baseline grade point average (T1). Conclusion: This prospective follow-up study helps to further our knowledge of how combined binge drinking and cannabis consumption may affect university adjustment and academic success in Spanish university students Overall, the study results should encourage health professionals, educational psychologists and academic institutions to take ownership of the need for support and involvement in prevention, as well as for provision of guidelines for implementing appropriate intervention strategies.

Validation of the Spanish version of the student adaptation to college questionnaire (SACQ-50) with Peruvian students.

Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the Spanish Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ-50, Spanish version). Participants: 1513 students from 14 universities in Peru, mainly females (61.5%), aged between 18 and 30 years. Method: Cross-sectional study with the questionnaire administered in person. Confirmatory factorial analysis was conducted to confirm the scale validity. Results: adequate fits were obtained for the multidimensional structure and for the second order factor of the test. Alpha and omega coefficients indicated adequate test reliability. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SACQ-50 is a multidimensional scale displaying adequate reliability and validity. The scale may be useful for researchers and other professionals working in the university context.

Occurrence of Banned and Currently Used Herbicides, in Groundwater of Northern Greece: A Human Health Risk Assessment Approach.

The presence of pesticide residues in groundwater, many years after their phase out in European Union verifies that the persistence in aquifer is much higher than in other environmental compartments. Currently used and banned pesticides were monitored in Northern Greece aquifers and a human health risk assessment was conducted. The target compounds were the herbicides metolachlor (MET), terbuthylazine (TER), atrazine (ATR) and its metabolites deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA). Eleven sampling sites were selected to have representatives of different types of wells. Pesticides were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography. MET was detected in 100% of water samples followed by ATR (96.4%), DEA and HA (88.6%), DIA (78.2%) and TER (67.5%). ATR, DIA, DEA, HA, MET and TER mean concentrations detected were 0.18, 0.29, 0.14, 0.09, 0.16 and 0.15 µg/L, respectively. Obtained results were compared with historical data from previous monitoring studies and temporal trends were assessed. Preferential flow was the major factor facilitating pesticide leaching within the month of herbicide application. Moreover, apparent age of groundwater and the reduced pesticide dissipation rates on aquifers resulted of long-term detection of legacy pesticides. Although atrazine had been banned more than 18 years ago, it was detected frequently and their concentrations in some cases were over the maximum permissible limit. Furthermore, human health risk assessment of pesticides was calculated for two different age groups though drinking water consumption. In all examined wells, the sum of the HQ values were lower than the unity. As a result, the analyzed drinking water wells are considered safe according to the acute risk assessment process. However, the presence of atrazine residues causes concerns related with chronic toxicity, since ATR R values were greater than the parametric one of 1 × 10-6 advised by USEPA, for both age groups.

Adoptando un modelo de gestión territorial integral para mejorar las prácticas en el primer nivel de atención de la salud: experiencia en los servicios de salud públicos de la ciudad de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina / A comprehensive territorial management model to improve practices at primary healthcare: describing the experience in the public health services of the city of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina

Este artículo relata la experiencia de la Secretaría de Salud (de la ciudad de Villa María, provincia de Córdoba, Argentina), frente a la implementación de una estrategia de abordaje integral de la salud en los servicios de atención primaria, basada en la territorialidad, la interdisciplinariedad, la participación comunitaria, la integralidad y la intersectorialidad denominada "Programa de Gestión Territorial Integral" (PGTI). Su implementación se realizó utilizando la estrategia de Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS). El programa incluyó la elaboración y difusión periódica, a través del Observatorio de Salud de indicadores construidos por los equipos. La puesta en marcha del PGTI fortaleció la coordinación con distintas áreas gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que resultaron en: la adopción del programa por Ordenanza del Consejo Deliberante Municipal, un convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Villa María, un plan conjunto de trabajo con el Hospital Provincial de la ciudad y la incorporación de la rendición de cuentas periódicas de los resultados por parte del ejecutivo municipal al Consejo Deliberante a partir del monitoreo continuo del Observatorio de Salud.El desarrollo hasta aquí logrado conforma un estímulo sustancial para sostener este proceso de formación y gestión colectiva e invita a nuevos desafíos (AU)

This article shows the experience of the Ministry of Health of the city of Villa María, province of Córdoba, Argentina, of implementing a strategy of comprehensive health care approach to in primary health care services, based on territoriality, interdisciplinarity, community participation, comprehensiveness and intersectorality, named the Comprehensive Territorial Management Program (CTMP). Its implementation was carried out using the strategy of Permanent Health Education (PHE). The program included the elaboration and periodic dissemination, through the Health Observatory, of indicators built by the health teams. The implementation of the CTMP strengthened the coordination between the health services and different governmental and non-governmental areas that resulted in the adoption of the program by Ordinance of the Municipal Deliberative Council, an agreement with the National University of Villa María, a joint work plan with the Provincial Hospital of the city and the inclusion of the periodic accountability of the results by the municipal executive to the Deliberative Council. The development achieved thus far constitutes a substantial stimulus to sustain this process of training and collective management and invite new challenges (AU)

Binge Drinking, Cannabis Co-Consumption and Academic Achievement in First Year University Students in Spain: Academic Adjustment as a Mediator.

Little is known about how binge drinking or the combination of binge drinking and cannabis consumption affect academic achievement in students during the transition to university, or about the mechanisms that mediate this relationship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between this pattern of alcohol/cannabis consumption and academic achievement, considering academic adjustment as a possible mediator. A total of 258 Spanish, first-year university students (145 females and 113 males), enrolled in undergraduate degree courses, were categorized into three groups on the basis of their patterns of alcohol/cannabis consumption: control, binge drinkers and co-consumers. The findings showed a significant effect of the combined binge drinking/cannabis consumption, but not of binge drinking alone, upon academic achievement and academic adjustment. Grade point average (GPA) and academic adjustment were lower in the co-consumers than in the other groups. Regarding the mediation effect, 34.33% of the impact of combined alcohol/cannabis use on GPA was mediated by academic adjustment. The combined consumption of alcohol and cannabis led to difficulties in adaptation to academic life, which in turn contributed to poorer performance at university. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Validación de un método para la determinación del ácido 3-fenoxibenzoico en orina por QuEChERS, microextracción líquido-líquido dispersiva y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución-arreglo de diodos / Validation of a method for the determination of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in urine using QuEChERS, microextraction liquid-liquid dispersive and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array

Los piretroides son insecticidas ampliamente usados no sólo en el ámbito agropecuario y doméstico sino también en salud pública. Una vez absorbidos, son rápidamente metabolizados a compuestos polares eliminados por vía renal. Uno de los metabolitos común a un gran número de piretroides es el ácido 3-fenoxibenzoico (3-PBA) el cual es utilizado como marcador de exposición. Se presenta en este trabajo, la validación de una metodología analítica para la determinación del 3-PBA utilizando QuEChERS acoplado a microextracción líquido-líquido dispersiva con tricloroetileno como disolvente extractivo y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de foto-arreglo de diodos. La validación se realizó con muestras aisladas de orina de voluntarios adultos de ambos sexos sin exposición conocida y orina sintética. El método resultó lineal en el intervalo 9 μg L-1-79 μg L-1; los límites de detección y cuantificación fueron de 3 μg L-1 y 9 μg L-1, respectivamente. No se observaron señales de interferentes a los tiempos de retención del 3-PBA y del ácido 2-fenoxibenzoico (2-PBA), estándar interno, en las muestras de orina blanco. Las señales cromatográficas en las muestras enriquecidas fueron espectralmente homogéneas. Las precisiones intradiarias (RSDr%) (n= 5) para 9 μg L-1 estuvieron comprendidas entre 9,3%-9,9% y para 27 μg L-1 entre 5,9%-10,6%. Las precisiciones interdiarias (RSDint%) (n=15) para los mismos niveles de concentración fueron de 11,8% y 9,1%, respectivamente. El rango de porcentajes de recuperación para 9 μg L-1 fue de 87%-119% y para 27 μg L-1 de 70%-91%. Se evaluó la estabilidad del analito en la muestra y en el extracto. El analito resultó estable a -20 °C durante 7 días en la muestra y durante 1 día en el extracto. Los valores de incertidumbre relativa e incertidumbre expandida fueron evaluados mediante la ecuación de Horwitz, los resultados obtenidos fueron para el nivel 9 μg L-1 de 33% y 65% y para el nivel 27 μg L-1 de 28% y 55%. La aplicabilidad del método validado fue evaluada con muestras reales de personas sin exposición laboral conocida, quienes declararon haber usado insecticidas piretroides. El método resultó sensible y selectivo.

Pyrethroid insecticides are used not only in the agricultural and domestic environment, but also in public health. Once absorbed, they are rapidly metabolized into polar compounds eliminated by the kidneys. One of the metabolites common to many pyrethroids is 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) which are used to evaluate exposure. We present in this paper the validation of an analytical methodology for the determination of 3-PBA using QuEChERS coupled to dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with trichloroethylene as an extractive solvent and high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector. Validation was carried out with isolated samples of urine from adult volunteers of both sexes without exposure and synthetic urine. The method was linear in the interval 9 μg L-1-79 μg L-1; the limit of detection and quantitation were 3 μg L-1 and 9 μg L-1, respectively. Interfering signals were not observed in the blank urine samples and the chromatographic signals in the enriched samples were spectrally homogeneous. The within-run precision (RSDr%) (n = 5) for 9 μg L-1 were between 9.3%-9.9% and for 27 μg L-1 between 5.9%-10.6%. The between-run precision (RSDint%) (n = 15) for the same concentration levels were 11.8% and 9.1%, respectively. The recovery for 9 μg L-1 ranged from 87%-119% and for 27 μg L-1 from 70%-91 %. The stability of the analyte was evaluated in the sample and in the extract. The analyte in the sample was stable at -20 °C for 7 days and in the extract was stable for 1 day. The values of relative uncertainty and expanded uncertainty obtained by the Horwitz equation were 33% and 65% for 9 μg L-1, and 28% and 55% for 27 μg L-1. The applicability of the validated method was evaluated with real samples of people without known occupational exposure, who declared having used pyrethroid insecticides. The method was sensitive and selective.

Pre-entry Characteristics, Perceived Social Support, Adjustment and Academic Achievement in First-Year Spanish University Students: A Path Model.

Transition to university is a multifactorial process to which scarce consideration has been given in Spain, despite this being one of the countries with the highest rates of academic failure and attrition within the European Union. The present study proposes an empirical model for predicting Spanish students' academic achievement at university by considering pre-entry characteristics, perceived social support and adaptation to university, in a sample of 300 traditional first-year university students. The findings of the path analysis showed that pre-university achievement and academic and personal-emotional adjustment were direct predictors of academic achievement. Furthermore, gender, parents' education and family support were indirect predictors of academic achievement, mediated by pre-university grades and adjustment to university. The current findings supporting evidence that academic achievement in first-year Spanish students is the cumulative effect of pre-entry characteristics and process variables, key factors that should be taken into account in designing intervention strategies involving families and that establish stronger links between research findings and university policies.

[Postpartum pulmonary hypertension]. / Hipertensión pulmonar postparto.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pregnancy is a rare disorder that carries a high risk to mother and child, and as such, it is considered a contraindication to becoming pregnant. However, there are few published reports related to the diagnosis of this condition after delivery. We describe three PH cases diagnosed after their normal pregnancies and deliveries. Although the causes are unknown, several mechanisms such as hypercoagulation, placental hypoxia or amniotic fluid embolism have been considered as possible causes. It is difficult to define whether a PH diagnosed in the postpartum period, relates to an earlier asymptomatic PH period that was triggered by the physiological stress of labor or if it is a recently acquired condition. Despite the lack of data to support the absence of PH previous to pregnancy in our three patients, lack of events during this period, asymptomatic and normal deliveries, lead us to believe that they did not suffer this disease prior to pregnancy; considering that high hemodynamic demands impair a ventricle with little reserve, and its subsequent appearance at time of delivery.

Hipertensión pulmonar postparto / Postpartum pulmonary hypertension

La presencia de hipertensión pulmonar (HP) en el embarazo es poco frecuente y conlleva un alto riesgo para madres e hijos. Existe escasa bibliografía relacionada al diagnóstico de la misma luego del parto. Se describen tres pacientes a quienes se diagnostica HP luego de cursar sus embarazos y partos libres de eventos. A pesar de desconocerse las causas, son varios los mecanismos propuestos, como la hipercoagulabilidad, la hipoxia placentaria o la embolia de líquido amniótico. Resulta difícil definir si la HP diagnosticada en el puerperio, corresponde a una HP en período asintomático que fue desenmascarada por el estrés fisiológico del parto o es una condición de reciente comienzo. A pesar de la falta de datos que avalen la ausencia de HP previa al embarazo en nuestras tres casos, el curso libre de eventos en sus embarazos, sin síntomas y con partos normales, indican que no padecían esta enfermedad hasta el momento del parto, y que la desarrollaron posteriormente. De haberla padecido antes se hubieran presentado síntomas previos al parto o en el puerperio inmediato, ya que las demandas hemodinámicas deterioran gravemente a un ventrículo con poca reserva.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pregnancy is a rare disorder that carries a high risk to mother and child, and as such, it is considered a contraindication to becoming pregnant. However, there are few published reports related to the diagnosis of this condition after delivery. We describe three PH cases diagnosed after their normal pregnancies and deliveries. Although the causes are unknown, several mechanisms such as hypercoagulation, placental hypoxia or amniotic fluid embolism have been considered as possible causes. It is difficult to define whether a PH diagnosed in the postpartum period, relates to an earlier asymptomatic PH period that was triggered by the physiological stress of labor or if it is a recently acquired condition. Despite the lack of data to support the absence of PH previous to pregnancy in our three patients, lack of events during this period, asymptomatic and normal deliveries, lead us to believe that they did not suffer this disease prior to pregnancy; considering that high hemodynamic demands impair a ventricle with little reserve, and its subsequent appearance at time of delivery.

Hipertensión pulmonar postparto

La presencia de hipertensión pulmonar (HP) en el embarazo es poco frecuente y conlleva un alto riesgo para madres e hijos. Existe escasa bibliografía relacionada al diagnóstico de la misma luego del parto. Se describen tres pacientes a quienes se diagnostica HP luego de cursar sus embarazos y partos libres de eventos. A pesar de desconocerse las causas, son varios los mecanismos propuestos, como la hipercoagulabilidad, la hipoxia placentaria o la embolia de líquido amniótico. Resulta difícil definir si la HP diagnosticada en el puerperio, corresponde a una HP en período asintomático que fue desenmascarada por el estrés fisiológico del parto o es una condición de reciente comienzo. A pesar de la falta de datos que avalen la ausencia de HP previa al embarazo en nuestras tres casos, el curso libre de eventos en sus embarazos, sin síntomas y con partos normales, indican que no padecían esta enfermedad hasta el momento del parto, y que la desarrollaron posteriormente. De haberla padecido antes se hubieran presentado síntomas previos al parto o en el puerperio inmediato, ya que las demandas hemodinámicas deterioran gravemente a un ventrículo con poca reserva.(AU)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pregnancy is a rare disorder that carries a high risk to mother and child, and as such, it is considered a contraindication to becoming pregnant. However, there are few published reports related to the diagnosis of this condition after delivery. We describe three PH cases diagnosed after their normal pregnancies and deliveries. Although the causes are unknown, several mechanisms such as hypercoagulation, placental hypoxia or amniotic fluid embolism have been considered as possible causes. It is difficult to define whether a PH diagnosed in the postpartum period, relates to an earlier asymptomatic PH period that was triggered by the physiological stress of labor or if it is a recently acquired condition. Despite the lack of data to support the absence of PH previous to pregnancy in our three patients, lack of events during this period, asymptomatic and normal deliveries, lead us to believe that they did not suffer this disease prior to pregnancy; considering that high hemodynamic demands impair a ventricle with little reserve, and its subsequent appearance at time of delivery.(AU)

Hipertensión pulmonar postparto. / [Postpartum pulmonary hypertension].

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pregnancy is a rare disorder that carries a high risk to mother and child, and as such, it is considered a contraindication to becoming pregnant. However, there are few published reports related to the diagnosis of this condition after delivery. We describe three PH cases diagnosed after their normal pregnancies and deliveries. Although the causes are unknown, several mechanisms such as hypercoagulation, placental hypoxia or amniotic fluid embolism have been considered as possible causes. It is difficult to define whether a PH diagnosed in the postpartum period, relates to an earlier asymptomatic PH period that was triggered by the physiological stress of labor or if it is a recently acquired condition. Despite the lack of data to support the absence of PH previous to pregnancy in our three patients, lack of events during this period, asymptomatic and normal deliveries, lead us to believe that they did not suffer this disease prior to pregnancy; considering that high hemodynamic demands impair a ventricle with little reserve, and its subsequent appearance at time of delivery.

Analysis of the morphogenesis and cell proliferation in the retina of a pleuronectiform fish, the turbot Psetta maxima (Pleuronectiformes: Teleostei).

The morphogenesis and cell proliferation in the retina of turbot (Psetta maxima, Pleuronectiformes: Teleostei) from embryo through metamorphosis have been examined by using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-immunohistochemistry and general histological procedures. In the embryonic retina, cell proliferation and spatial cell reorganization form the anlage of the pigment epithelium and neural retina. Neurogenesis begins around hatching in the temporal retina, dorsal to the optic nerve exit, and then a wave of cell differentiation spreads to the nasal retina to yield a laminated retina by the end of the prolarval turbot stage. Germinal zones in the differentiated retina persist as a rim at the retinal margin, as well as surrounding the optic fissure in premetamorphic and metamorphic turbot larvae. In these zones, progenitor cells with different morphologies show a similar spatial arrangement, which suggests that they have a similar retinogenic potential. During metamorphosis, asymmetric proliferative activity in turbot germinal zones is associated with a marked expansion of the retinal tissue. Scattered stem cells in the laminated retina, related to the lineage of rod photoreceptors, were also observed both in large premetamorphic larvae and metamorphic turbots. The proliferative activity of these cells increases considerably during metamorphosis, when rod photoreceptors become morphologically differentiated.

Academic effects of the Prestige oil spill disaster.

The effect of a large scale oil spill disaster on the academic achievement and classroom behavior of children and adolescents who lived on the Galician coast (Spain) is studied from an ecological perspective. 430 participants divided into three age groups of 5, 10, and 15 years of age, were studied. The participants came from three areas differently affected by the disaster. Dependent variables were academic achievement and classroom behavior of the participants after the Prestige disaster. Degree of exposure and other protective or risk factors were investigated as well. Repeated measures ANOVA to assess the main effects of the oil spill and hierarchical regression analyses to assess the contribution of the protective/vulnerability factors were performed. The results indicate that the effects of the disaster were relatively scarce. Some protective factors accounted for a certain degree of variance of different schoolroom behaviors. These results point to the intervention of protective factors in the adaptation to the disaster.

Academic effects of the prestige oil spill disaster

The effect of a large scale oil spill disaster on the academic achievement and classroom behavior of children and adolescents who lived on the Galician coast (Spain) is studied from an ecological perspective. 430 participants divided into three age groups of 5, 10, and 15 years of age, were studied. The participants came from three areas differently affected by the disaster. Dependent variables were academic achievement and classroom behavior of the participants after the Prestige disaster. Degree of exposure and other protective or risk factors were investigated as well. Repeated measures ANOVA to assess the main effects of the oil spill and hierarchical regression analyses to assess the contribution of the protective/vulnerability factors were performed. The results indicate that the effects of the disaster were relatively scarce. Some protective factors accounted for a certain degree of variance of different schoolroom behaviors. These results point to the intervention of protective factors in the adaptation to the disaster (AU)

Se estudia desde una perspectiva ecológica el efecto que el desastre provocado por un gigantesco vertido de petróleo ha tenido sobre el rendimiento académico y la conducta en el aula de niños y adolescentes que vivían en la costa de Galicia (España). Se estudiaron 430 participantes divididos en tres grupos de, 5, 10 y 15 años. Los participantes provenían de tres áreas que fueron afectadas en grado diferente por el desastre. Las variables dependientes estudiadas fueron el rendimiento académico y el comportamiento en el aula de los participantes después del desastre del Prestige. El grado de exposición y otros factores de riesgo o protectores fueron también investigados. Se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas para evaluar los efectos más importantes del vertido de petróleo y análisis de regresión jerárquica para evaluar la contribución de los factores protectores o de vulnerabilidad. Los resultados indican que los efectos del desastre fueron relativamente escasos. Algunos factores protectores explicaron un cierto grado de varianza de diferentes comportamientos en el aula. Estos resultados señalan la intervención de factores protectores en la adaptación al desastre (AU)

Tip-of-the-tongue in aging: influence of vocabulary, working memory and processing speed.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is well known that tip-of-the-tongue (ToT) states, which are due to failure in the phonological activation of words, especially proper names, are more common in older than in younger adults. Nevertheless, the relationship between increased numbers of ToTs and cognitive aging remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to clarify this relationship by examining ToT production and the performance of cognitive tasks such as working memory and processing speed tests. METHODOLOGY: In order to study the relationships between these constructs, the performance of 133 participants in different language, working memory and processing speed tasks was analysed by use of LISREL software. RESULTS: The best fit model included direct and indirect effects of age, mediated by cognitive variables, on lexical production variables. The model incorporated the indirect effects of age on vocabulary through working memory and also the indirect effect of age on ToT through processing speed. CONCLUSION: The results indicate negative modulation of slowed processing in the age-related increase of ToT and positive modulation of working memory in vocabulary, as well as an absence of any relation between vocabulary and ToT. Assuming that ToT events involve controlled processes, the relationship between slowed processing and ToT in aging could be interpreted as reflecting controlled compensatory mechanisms.

Emotional responses and attitudes to the peace talks with ETA / Respuestas emocionales y actitudes hacia las conversaciones de paz con ETA

In this study, two questions are analyzed: (1) what the emotions provoked by the Spanish government's declaration of its intention to negotiate a peace process with the terrorist group ETA are; (2) how these emotions relate to different attitudes to this negotiation. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 263 university students. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify how emotions were organized and an ANOVA was subsequently conducted to analyze the relationship between emotions and attitudes to negotiation. With respect to the first question, the emotions which are linked to the negotiation process are classified in a three factor model (enthusiasm, anger and anxiety), and with respect to the second, it became clear that the emotion of anger is associated with subjects who are against negotiation. At the same time, enthusiasm and anxiety were associated with different attitudes to negotiation, support and rejection respectively; however, both these emotions were also found to be present among those who wanted the different political parties to reach an agreement and face the process of negotiation with a common policy.

En este estudio se analizan dos cuestiones: (1) cuáles son las emociones provocadas por la declaración del gobierno español ante su intención de negociar un proceso de paz con el grupo terrorista ETA; (2) cómo dichas emociones se relacionan con distintas actitudes hacia esa negociación. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 263 estudiantes universitarios. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio con el fin de verificar cómo se organizaban las emociones y posteriormente se hizo un ANOVA para analizar la relación entre las emociones y las actitudes hacia la negociación. Con respecto a la primera cuestión, las emociones que se vinculan al proceso de negociación se clasifican dentro de un modelo con tres factores (entusiasmo, ira y ansiedad), y con respecto a la segunda, se observó que la emoción de ira está asociada a las personas que están en contra de la negociación. Al mismo tiempo, el entusiasmo y la ansiedad se asociaron con distintas actitudes respecto a la negociación, de apoyo y de rechazo, respectivamente; sin embargo, también se encontró que ambas emociones estaban presentes en las personas que querían que los distintos partidos políticos alcanzaran un acuerdo e hicieran frente al proceso de negociación con una política común.

El fenómeno de la punta de la lengua en el proceso de envejecimiento / The phenomenon of the tip of the tongue in aging

Se presentan nuevos datos sobre la producción y resolución de eventos de punta de la lengua (PDL) en el proceso de envejecimiento. 140 voluntarios con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 82 años participaron en un experimento diseñado para elicitar PDL a partir de definiciones de nombres comunes, nombres propios, adjetivos y verbos. Estudiamos la resolución del PDL introduciendo una tarea de libre evocación de palabras y otra de primado fonológico. Los adultos mayores producían más PDL que los adultos más jóvenes independientemente de su nivel de vocabulario. El primado fonológico, y no la evocación libre, mejoraba la resolución para los adultos de mayor edad. Se discuten los resultados en relación con la teoría del déficit en la transmisión

This paper presents new data on the tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon and its resolution in aging. 140 volunteers ranging from 19 to 82 years participated in an experiment using definitions about common names, proper names, adjectives and verbs to elicit TOTs. We studied the resolution of the TOTs introducing a free word-recall task and a priming task. Older adults experienced more TOTs than younger adults regardless of the level of vocabulary. Phonological priming, and not free recall of words, improved resolution for the older adults. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of the transmission deficit

[The phenomenon of the tip of the tongue in aging]. / El fenómeno de la punta de la lengua en el proceso de envejecimiento.

This paper presents new data on the tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon and its resolution in aging. 140 volunteers ranging from 19 to 82 years participated in an experiment using definitions about common names, proper names, adjectives and verbs to elicit TOTs. We studied the resolution of the TOTs introducing a free word-recall task and a priming task. Older adults experienced more TOTs than younger adults regardless of the level of vocabulary. Phonological priming, and not free recall of words, improved resolution for the older adults. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of the transmission deficit.